An efficient numerical approach for simulating soil-pipe interaction behaviour under cyclic loading

Understanding soil-pipe interaction during cyclic axial displacement is essential for the design and evaluation of buried pipeline systems. This study introduces an efficient practical numerical approach using beam-spring-interface elements to simulate behaviour. Numerical predictions evolution shear normal stress distributions around pipe are validated against full-scale experimental results steel high-density polyethylene pipes in sandy soils. Three different backfill cover depths soil densities ranging between loose dense were considered allow a rigorous comparison results. The show that proposed provides high-fidelity representation complex behaviour at interface zones, including degradation, hardening softening, accumulative contraction stabilization. framework accurate fraction computational cost full three-dimensional finite element analysis.